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Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) is considered as a key factor for the severely limited efficacy in tumor radiotherapy. CAFs, as the primary stromal cells in the tumor microenvironment, can lead to tumor radiotherapy resistance by secreting a series of pro-tumor cytokines and nutrients, inhibiting anti-tumor immune response and remodeling extracellular matrix. Some progress has been made in the study of targeted CAFs sensitization radiotherapy, but the relevant study system is still imperfect. Therefore, a systematic exploration of the role of CAFs in tumor radiotherapy resistance and CAFs targeted therapy strategies can provide a basis for improving the current status of tumor radiotherapy resistance.
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Objective:To investigate the clinical effects of Jiakang Pingxiao prescription combined with methiimidazole on hyperthyroidism. Methods:A total of 100 patients with hyperthyroidism admitted to Shanxian Central Hospital from February 2018 to January 2021 were included in this study. They were randomly divided into a study group and a control group, with 50 patients in each group. The control group was treated with methiimidazole, and the study group was treated with Jiakang Pingxiao prescription combined with methiimidazole. Thyroid function, serum levels of osteocalcin (OCN), β-CTx, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were compared between the two groups. Results:After treatment, serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4) in the study group were (3.10 ± 1.36) mU/L, (5.76 ± 1.25) pmol/L, (15.22 ± 1.95) pmol/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (4.88 ± 1.47) mU/L, (7.13 ± 1.32) pmol/L, (19.07 ± 2.02) pmol/L in the control group ( t = 5.27, 4.71, 6.29, all P < 0.05). Serum OCN, β-CTx, hS-CRP, and IL-6 in the study group were (17.36 ± 2.62) μg/L, (0.32 ± 0.04) μg/L, (4.07 ± 0.86) mg/L, and (1.38 ± 0.21) pg/L, respectively, which were significantly lower than (26.05 ± 2.88) μg/L, (0.51 ± 0.09) μg/L, (6.23 ± 0.91) mg/L, (1.89 ± 0.28) pg/L in the control group ( t = 12.37, 10.40, 7.39, 8.57, all P < 0.05). The incidence of adverse reactions in the study group was significantly lower than that in the control group [6.00% (3/50) vs. 12.00% (3/50), χ2 = 14.78, P < 0.05). Conclusion:Jikang Pingxiao prescription combined with methiimidazole can effectively reduce the inflammatory responses in patients with hyperthyroidism, inhibit the expression of OCN and β-CTX in the serum, and improve thyroid function. The combined method is scientific and reasonable, and is suitable for clinical application. It has good therapeutic effects on hyperthyroidism and is worthy of clinical promotion.
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Objective:To investigate the status quo of hemoglobin a1c (HbA1c) in community-dwelling patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its relationship with health literacy, and analyze the factors that affect HbA1c level.Methods:A total of 134 patients with T2DM who received treatment in Hbxi Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical University (Shanxian Central Hospital) from February 2019 to February 2020 were included in this study. All patients were divided into standard group (HBA1c < 7%, n = 61) and substandard group (HbA1c ≥ 7%, n = 73) according to HbA1c level. Fasting elbow venous blood was collected to measure relevant biochemical indexes. General data were collected from patients in the two groups. The Chinese Citizen Health Literacy Questionnaire was used to evaluate the health literacy level in patients from the two groups. Results:Serum levels of creatinine, blood uric acid and blood urea nitrogen in the substandard group were significantly higher than those in the standard group (all P < 0.05). Health literacy score in the substandard group was significantly lower than that in the standard group ( P < 0.05). The percentage of patients who smoked or had relevant complications among all included patients in the substandard group was 17.81% and 16.44%, respectively, which were significantly higher than 3.28% and 4.92%,respectively, in the standard group ( χ2 = 7.05, 4.43, both P < 0.05). The percentage of patients who had regular glucose level among all included patients in the substandard group was significantly lower than that in the standard group (63.93% vs. 80.82%, χ2 = 4.82, P < 0.05). Pearson analysis results showed that HbA1c level was significantly negatively correlated with health literacy score, with the correlation coefficient r of -0.80. Logistic regression model results showed that serum levels of creatinine and blood uric acid were independent risk factors for substandard level of HbA1c, with an OR value of 3.81 (95% CI: 1.60-9.09) and 1.03 (95% CI:1.01-1.06), respectively. Health literacy score was a protective factor for substandard level of HbA1c, with an OR value of 0.23 (95% CI: 0.10-0.54). Conclusion:Less than 50% of community-dwelling patients have standard HbA1c levels. Health literacy score is remarkably negatively correlated with HbA1c level. Health literacy score is a protective factor for HbA1c level, while serum creatinine and blood uric acid are independent risk factors for substandard HbA1c.
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Objective: To compare the immunogenicity of three kinds immunization programs with poliovirus vaccine. Methods: Healthy infants aged 2 months or over were selected and divided into three groups by complete randomization method. Basic immunization with Sabin inactivated poliovirus vaccine(sIPV) and bivalent oral poliovirus vaccine(bOPV) were completed. Three kinds of basic immunization procedures were 1sIPV+2bOPV,2sIPV+1bOPV and 3sIPV, respectively.Two qualified serums that before basic immunization and 28-42 days later were collected, and measured the poliovirus neutralizing antibody with microcell neutralization method. To compare the difference by analysis of variance, rank test and χ2 test. Results: After the basic immunization, 205 subjects of the positive conversion rate of poliovirus neutralizing antibodies of types Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲwere all higher than 97.00%, and the positive rates were all higher than 98.00%, the geometric mean titer (GMT) of neutralizing antibody was significantly higher than that before basic immunization in three groups.There were significant differences in the positive rate and GMT before and after basic immunization of typeⅠ, Ⅱand Ⅲ in the three (P<0.05). The highest GMT in three groups after basic immunization were all typeⅠ, followed by type Ⅲ, and the lowest in type Ⅱ. The GMT of type Ⅱin 2sIPV+1bOPV and 3sIPV groups were both higher than that in sIPV+2bOPV group. Conclution: After three kinds of basic immunization, the poliovirus neutralizing antibodies of serum were all at high levels in three groups, which could form an effective immune barrier against poliovirus. The immunogenicity of three kinds of basic immunization programs were all well, but there were certain differences of neutralizing antibodies among three kinds basic immunization programs. The immunogenicity in 2sIPV+1bOPV and 3sIPV groups against typeⅡpoliovirus were better than that in 1sIPV+2bOPV group.
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Humans , Infant , Antibodies, Neutralizing , Antibodies, Viral , Immunization Schedule , Poliovirus , Poliovirus Vaccine, Inactivated , Poliovirus Vaccine, OralABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To explore the effective components of Yiqi Jiedu recipe and the main biological processes and signal pathways involved in the therapeutic mechanism of the recipe in treatment of primary liver cancer through network pharmacology and molecular docking approaches.@*METHODS@#TCMSP, Uniport, Genecards and String databases were searched to obtain the target genes of drugs and disease using Cytoscape 3.8.2 software. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses were performed to identify the common genes in the target genes of the drugs and disease. Using Pubcham, RCSB and Autoduck, the effective components of the drugs were connected with the final core genes. The effects of different concentrations of Yiqi Jiedu recipe on the expressions of the core genes DHX9, HNRNPK, NCL and PABPC1 in HepG2 cells were analyzed with Western blotting and real- time fluorescence quantitative PCR.@*RESULTS@#We finally identified 8 core genes from the drug and disease targets, including DDX5, HNRNPK, PABPC1, DHX9, RPS3A, RPS3, RPL13, and NCL. GO analysis showed that these core genes were involved mainly in the biological processes of adrenaline receptor signal communication, movement of cellular or subcellular components, blood particles, adhesion class and iron ion binding. KEGG analysis showed that the Ras signaling pathway had the greatest gene enrichment. The results of molecular docking suggested that the effective components of the recipe were capable of docking with the core genes under natural conditions, and PABPC1 and stigmasterol had the highest binding energy. In HepG2 cells, treatment with 10% medicated serum for 48 h had the strongest effect on the expression of DHX9, HNRNPK, NCL and PABPC1 (P < 0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Yiqi Jiedu recipe is capable of regulating viral expression of primary liver cancer multiple effective components that bind to DHX9, HNRNPK, NCL and PABPC1.
Subject(s)
Humans , DEAD-box RNA Helicases , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use , Liver Neoplasms/drug therapy , Molecular Docking Simulation , Neoplasm Proteins , Network Pharmacology , Ribosomal Proteins , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Background/Aims@#Binge drinking leads to many disorders, including alcoholic hepatosteatosis, which is characterized by intrahepatic neutrophil infiltration and increases the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Molecular mechanisms may involve the migration of bacterial metabolites from the gut to the liver and the activation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). @*Methods@#Serum samples from both binge drinking and alcohol-avoiding patients were analyzed. Mouse models of chronic plus binge alcohol-induced hepatosteatosis and HCC models were used. @*Results@#A marker of NETs formation, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was significantly higher in alcoholic hepatosteatosis and HCC patients and mice than in controls. Intrahepatic inflammation markers and HCC-related cytokines were decreased in mice with reduced NET formation due to neutrophil elastase (NE) deletion, and liver-related symptoms of alcohol were also alleviated in NE knockout mice. Removal of intestinal bacteria with antibiotics led to decreases in markers of NETs formation and inflammatory cytokines upon chronic alcohol consumption, and development of alcoholic hepatosteatosis and HCC was also attenuated. These functions were restored upon supplementation with the bacterial product LPS. When mice lacking toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) received chronic alcohol feeding, intrahepatic markers of NETs formation decreased, and hepatosteatosis and HCC were alleviated. @*Conclusions@#Formation of NETs following LPS stimulation of TLR4 upon chronic alcohol use leads to increased alcoholic steatosis and subsequent HCC.
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OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of celastrol on the proliferation and apoptosis of human multiple myeloma (MM) cell lines, reveal the relationship between IRAK4/ERK/p38 signaling pathway and celastrol regulating the proliferation and apoptosis of H929 and ARP-1 cells, and explore whether celastrol combined with bortezomib has synergistic effect. @*METHODS@#CCK-8 method was used to detect the viability of MM cell lines H929 and ARP-1 treated by different concentrations of celastrol, bortezomib, and their combination, and the synergistic effect was determined by Kim's formula. The apoptosis rate of H929 cells and necrosis rate of ARP-1 were detected by Annexin V/PI method. The expression of key proteins and apoptosis proteins in IRAK4/ERK/p38 signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. @*RESULTS@#Celastrol could significantly inhibit the proliferation of H929 and ARP-1 cells (r=0.9018, r=0.9244) and induce apoptosis in a time-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, celastrol could significantly up-regulate the expression of PARP and cleaved caspase-3 while down-regulate the expression of p-IRAK4, p-ERK, and p-p38 in H929 and ARP-1 cells. Celastrol and bortezomib alone inhibited the proliferation of H929 and ARP-1 cells. Compared with celastrol and bortezomib alone, their combination had lower cell survival rate and higher apoptosis rate (P<0.05). @*CONCLUSION@#Celastrol can inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of H929 and ARP-1 cells, which may be related to inhibiting the phosphorylation of IRAK4 and blocking the activation of IRAK4/ERK/p38 signaling pathway. Celastrol combined with bortezomib has synergistic effect, which can more effectively inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis of H929 and ARP-1 cells.
Subject(s)
Humans , Apoptosis , Bortezomib/pharmacology , Cell Line, Tumor , Cell Proliferation , Interleukin-1 Receptor-Associated Kinases , Multiple Myeloma , Pentacyclic Triterpenes , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the clinical effect of Wenshen-Gushu Decoction combined with conventional western medicine on postmenopausal osteoporosis patients with kidney yang deficiency type. Methods:A total of 105 postmenopausal osteoporosis patients admitted in Huxi Hospital Affiliated to Jining Medical College from January 2017 to December 2019 were selected. According to the random number table method, they were divided into the control group (52 cases) and observation group (53 cases). The control group was treated with conventional western medicine, and the observation group was treated with self-made Wenshen-Gushu Decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 8 weeks. The TCM Symptom Score, Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), bone mineral density of troch (Troch), bone mineral density of ward’s triangle (ward’s), bone mineral density of L 1-4 and serum levels of steroid hormone receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3), B-cell lymphoma gene-2 (Bcl-2) and transcription element coactivator (PGC-1a) were compared between two groups before and after treatment. The incidence of adverse reactions in the treatment process was observed, and the clinical efficacy was evaluated. Results:The total effective rate of observation group was 79.3% (42/53), and that of control group was 61.5% (32/52), where the difference between the two groups was statistically significant ( χ2=3.955, P=0.047). After treatment, the scores of lumbar and knee soreness, lumbar and spinal pain, lower limb flaccidity, walking difficulty and the VAS scores in the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=21.956, 20.472, 18.591, 13.439, 19.594, 9.035, P<0.001). After treatment, the Troch [(0.70 ± 0.07) g/cm 2vs. (0.67 ± 0.06) g/cm 2, t=2.356] and Ward’s [(0.57 ± 0.06) g/cm 2vs. (0.510 ± 0.05) g/cm 2, t=5.561] and the bone mineral density of L 1-4 [(0.88 ± 0.07) g/cm 2vs. (0.80 ± 0.05) g/cm 2, t=6.727] in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). The serum levels of SRC-3 [(0.34 ± 0.08) ng/L vs. (0.27 ± 0.07) ng/L, t=4.768], Bcl-2 [(9.56 ± 2.15) μg/L vs. (8.45 ± 2.07) μg/L, t=1.917] and PGC-1a[(0.33 ± 0.06) g/L vs. (0.25 ± 0.04) g/L, t=8.023] in the observation group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05). No serious adverse reactions occurred in both groups during the treatment. Conclusion:Wenshen-Gushu Decoction combined with conventional western medicine shows clinical effect and can reduce clinical symptoms, improve bone mineral density, and upregulate the levels of SRC-3, Bcl-2, PGC-1a for the postmenopausal osteoporosis patients with kidney yang deficiency typea with safety.
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OBJECTIVE@#The patient monitors were used to explore the alarm fatigue in a cardiac care unit and to investigate the awareness and reaction of nurse to alarms.@*METHODS@#A semi-structured survey was taken to acquire nurses' feeling and knowledge about monitoring alarm. Three full-time researchers were scheduled to track the alarms with annotations, and analyze the alarm data of 12 patient monitors using central monitoring system.@*RESULTS@#A total of 72 310 unique alarms occurred in the 67-day study period. About 75.7% of them were physiological alarms and less than 10% of medium-low alarms were false positives. The average alarm rate was 128 alarms/patient-day.@*CONCLUSIONS@#There remains alarm fatigue in CCU, the alarm accuracy has improved than the past by applying new technologies. In some cases, clinicians will pay more attention to trend alarm and combination alarm.
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Humans , Arrhythmias, Cardiac , Clinical Alarms , Electrocardiography , Monitoring, Physiologic , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
We aimed to assess the risks of
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Humans , China , Cryptosporidiosis/microbiology , Cryptosporidium/isolation & purification , Giardia/isolation & purification , Giardiasis/microbiology , Risk Assessment , Water Microbiology , Water Supply/statistics & numerical dataABSTRACT
Pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory programmed cell death, and its role in cardiac inflammatory response has become a hot topic. The activation of nucleotide binding oligomerization domain like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) inflammasome is an important mechanism for pyroptosis induced by cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1(caspase-1). The existing studies have shown that cardiomyocyte pyroptosis participates in the pathogenesis of different cardiovascular diseases and the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis has been most widely studied. Also, the intervention in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and cardiomyocyte pyroptosis contributes to ameliorating myocardial injury, which may be the main mechanism of many traditional Chinese medicines in exerting the cardio-protective effects. Therefore, this paper reviewed the studies on cardiomyocyte pyroptosis mediated by NLRP3 inflammasome and put forward the importance of exploring traditional Chinese medicine intervention in the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome.
Subject(s)
Inflammasomes , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Myocytes, Cardiac , NLR Family, Pyrin Domain-Containing 3 Protein/genetics , PyroptosisABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To observe the changes of serum metabolites in patients with multiple myeloma (MM) by metabonomics, and explore the potential biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and progression of MM.@*METHODS@#Serum samples were collected from 26 patients with MM and 50 healthy controls. The data detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was input into SIMCA-14.0 software for multivariate statistical analysis. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to analyze the changes of metabolites.@*RESULTS@#The metabolic change of uric acid and trans-vaccenic acid in serum samples of MM patients was 9.39 times and 2.77 times of these in healthy people, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of healthy people, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.01).@*CONCLUSION@#Uric acid and trans-vaccenic acid are expected to be important metabolic indicators for the diagnosis, prognosis, and efficacy evaluation of MM, thus providing some clues for the pathogenesis of MM.
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Humans , Biomarkers , Chromatography, Liquid , Discriminant Analysis , Mass Spectrometry , Metabolomics , Multiple MyelomaABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of stilamin on mitochondrial injury of acute pancreatitis (AP)-related acinar cells and the possible mechanism.Methods:24 C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into control group, AP group and AP+ stilamin treatment group (Stilamin group). AP model was prepared by intraperitoneal injection of l-arginine in AP group, 0.4 mg/kg stilamin was intraperitoneally injected at 2 h after modeling in stilamin group, and control group received intraperitoneal injection with saline in the same volume. Histopathological examination of pancreatic tissue was performed routinely. Serum levels of IL-6, IL-10 and TNF- α were detected by ELISA, serum levels of amylase and lipase, and serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) reflecting oxidative stress were detected by biochemistry method, respectively. Mitotracker red fluorescent labeling was used to detect the number of mitochondria in pancreatic acinar cells, and western blot was used to detect the ND-3 protein expression reflecting the number of mitochondria. The expression levels of mitochondrial fusion protein (Mfn-2) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) reflecting mitochondrial function were determined by immunohistochemical staining.Results:Compared with AP group, the pancreatic pathology scores of mice in Stilamin group were significantly decreased [(2.07±0.50) vs (3.93±0.64)], serum amylase and lipase levels were significantly decreased [(1 493±172)U/L vs (1 832±86)U/L, (225.4±83.2)U/L vs (671.0±164.5)U/L]; serum IL-6 and TNF-α levels were greatly decreased, while IL-10 levels were obviously increased [(99.09±39.65)ng/L vs (358.60±139.22)ng/L, (22.75±11.24)ng/L vs (40.83±1.62)ng/L, (15.12±5.03)ng/L vs (9.92±8.73)ng/L]. Mitotracker staining density and expression levels of ND-3, Mfn-2 and Tfam were increased [(71.67±17.62) vs (40.00±10.15), (0.45±0.16) vs (0.11±0.05), 78% vs 54%, 86% vs 47%], and MDA, SOD, and GSH levels were increased [(5.00±1.73)nmol/mg vs (7.33±2.08)nmol/mg protein, (17.33±3.21)U/mg vs (8.67±2.07)] U/mg protein. The ratio of (131.33±20.55)U/mg to (77.33±29.69)U/mg protein was statistically significant (all P<0.05). Conclusions:By protecting the mitochondria number and function of damaged pancreatic acinar cells and reducing the level of oxidative stress, stilamin could alleviate the level of pancreatic tissue damage and inflammatory response in mice with acute pancreatitis.
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Recent studies have shown that intestinal flora can play a role in the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and intestinal flora regulation can provide new thoughts for the treatment of NAFLD. This article reviews the research advances in the role of intestinal flora regulation in traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy for NAFLD and explores the current situation of probiotics, fecal flora transplantation, antibiotics, and traditional Chinese medicine therapy in regulating intestinal flora and improving NAFLD, so as to provide a basis for clinical practice.
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Objective@#This study aims to estimate the economic burden of disease of outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in the Pearl River Delta Region, and provide scientific evidence for the government’s decision-making and control measures.@*Methods@#Using a unified questionnaire, a survey was conducted to the schools and students’ families which had suffered an outbreak of norovirus gastroenteritis in the Pearl River Delta Region from October 2017 to April 2018.@*Results@#The survey found that the mean total economic burden of sick students was 720.41(95%UI=640.45-804.63)RMB. The mean economic burden of sick students who were inpatient, outpatient and self-treatment were 1 712.75(95%UI=328.50-34 00.00), 213.70(95%UI=191.83-236.33) and 58.97(95%UI=43.00-77.69)RMB, respectively. The mean economic burden of transport, extra tutoring and cost of lost labor were 53.63(95%UI=43.98-63.58), 558.49(95%UI=381.40-774.01) and 695.62(95UI=630.25-767.29)RMB. The mean total economic burden of health students was 382.62(95%UI=343.29-424.45)RMB. The mean total economic burden of school was 49 264.53(95%UI=22 363.38-79 976.25)RMB. The total economic burden of disease increases as the level of outbreak increases. The larger the epidemic level, the proportion of sick students’ financial burden gradually decreased, 56.58%,23.27% and 10.93%.@*Conclusion@#The high economic burden of disease of norovirus gastroenteritis in the Pearl River Delta Region, respectively, indicating that relevant departments should strengthen the prevention, control and education in order to mitigate the disease economic burden.
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Objective:To explore the reliability and validity of Foot Posture Index (FPI) scoring system in evaluating foot posture in China. Methods:From September to October, 2019, two testers (tester 1, tester 2) evaluated the foot posture of 15 adult volunteers (30 legs) aged 20 to 40 years after mastering the FPI-6 scoring system. They were tested first by two testers on the same day, and after two weeks, they were retested by tester 1. The intra-group correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated to evaluate the test-retest reliability and the inter-tester reliability, and the MedCalc was used to perform the Bland-Altman plot. The correlation between the scores of items and scale was analyzed with Spearman analysis, and the items were analyzed with factor analysis. Results:The ICC of the test-retest and inter-tester reliability of each item and total score of FPI were higher than 0.75. The mean difference in FPI scores between the testers was -0.133 and the limits of agreement was (-1.82, 1.55). All items scores were correlated with the total score (P < 0.05); three factors were extracted with the cumulative contribution more than 80%. Conclusion:The FPI-6 scoring system is reliable and valid, to evaluate foot posture for Chinese.
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Objective To investigate the dynamics changes of the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus and explore the possible biological significance. Methods Thirty female BALB/c mice of 6 weeks old were randomly divided into the infection and control groups, of 15 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 000 E. granulosus protoscoleces, while those in the control group were injected with the same volume of physiological saline. Mouse liver white blood cells were harvested 3 (early stage), 6 (medium stage) and 12 months (late stage) post-infection, and the proportions of MDSCs, their subpopulations (M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs) and Treg cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Results The proportions of MDSCs were (1.61 ± 0.36)%, (5.68 ± 0.69)% and (16.18 ± 0.69)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection with E. granulosus, and (2.19 ± 0.42)%, (0.99 ± 0.07) % and (4.18 ± 0.84)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of the MDSCs in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). The proportions of M-MDSCs were (0.69 ± 0.27)%, (5.30 ± 0.72)% and (10.75 ± 0.29)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (0.42 ± 0.24)%, (0.69 ± 0.02)% and (2.12 ± 0.13)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of the M-MDSCs in the mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). The proportions of PMN-MDSCs were (0.93 ± 0.23)%, (0.32 ± 0.02)% and (5.14 ± 1.03)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (1.77 ± 0.26)%, (0.28 ± 0.05)% and (1.99 ± 0.90)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of PMN-MDSCs in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 3 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.05). The proportions of Treg cells were (3.35 ± 0.14)%, (6.24 ± 0.38)% and (3.41 ± 0.07)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (3.48 ± 0.46)%, (3.65 ± 0.45)% and (3.12 ± 0.12)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of Treg cells in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). Conclusions The percentages of both MDSCs and Treg cells increase in mouse liver white blood cells 6 and 12 months post-infection with E. granulosus, and a more remarkable increase is seen in the percentage of MDSCs, which is mainly found in M-MDSCs. These findings suggest that M-MDSCs may play a major immunosuppressive role in the medium and late stages of E. granulosus infection in mice.
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Objective To compare the performance of modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (KK method) and PCR assay in field detection of Clonorchis sinensis in human fecal samples, which provides insight into the selection of tools for detecting C. sinensis. Methods Based on the epidemiological investigation of human C. sinensis infections in Tengxian County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2016, a total of 133 fecal samples were randomly selected and stored at -20 ℃. All fecal samples were detected for C. sinensis infection using KK method and PCR assay, and the detection rate was compared between the two techniques. In addition, Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency between the two methods. Results Among all fecal samples, the overall detection rate of C. sinensis was 77.44% (103/133), and the detection rate was significantly higher by PCR assay (70.68%, 93/133) than by KK method (57.14%, 76/133) (χ2 = 26.15, P < 0.01). There were 88.16% (67/76) of the microscopy-positive fecal samples positive for PCR assay, and 47.37% (27/57) of the microscopy-negative fecal samples positive for PCR assay. The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay (94.74%, 18/19) was higher in fecal samples with EPG of > 1 000 than in samples with EPG of < 1 000 (85.96%, 49/57) (χ2 = 1.05, P = 0.436). The consistency of the detection rate of C. sinensis was moderate between the KK method and PCR assay (Kappa = 0.73). Conclusions The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay is significantly higher than by KK method. In low-endemic areas of C. sinensis infections, the combination of KK method and PCR assay is suggested, so as to improve the detection rate.
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Objective To compare the performance of modified Kato-Katz thick smear method (KK method) and PCR assay in field detection of Clonorchis sinensis in human fecal samples, which provides insight into the selection of tools for detecting C. sinensis. Methods Based on the epidemiological investigation of human C. sinensis infections in Tengxian County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region in 2016, a total of 133 fecal samples were randomly selected and stored at -20 ℃. All fecal samples were detected for C. sinensis infection using KK method and PCR assay, and the detection rate was compared between the two techniques. In addition, Kappa test was used to evaluate the consistency between the two methods. Results Among all fecal samples, the overall detection rate of C. sinensis was 77.44% (103/133), and the detection rate was significantly higher by PCR assay (70.68%, 93/133) than by KK method (57.14%, 76/133) (χ2 = 26.15, P < 0.01). There were 88.16% (67/76) of the microscopy-positive fecal samples positive for PCR assay, and 47.37% (27/57) of the microscopy-negative fecal samples positive for PCR assay. The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay (94.74%, 18/19) was higher in fecal samples with EPG of > 1 000 than in samples with EPG of < 1 000 (85.96%, 49/57) (χ2 = 1.05, P = 0.436). The consistency of the detection rate of C. sinensis was moderate between the KK method and PCR assay (Kappa = 0.73). Conclusions The detection rate of C. sinensis by PCR assay is significantly higher than by KK method. In low-endemic areas of C. sinensis infections, the combination of KK method and PCR assay is suggested, so as to improve the detection rate.
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Objective To investigate the dynamics changes of the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and regulatory T (Treg) cells in mice infected with Echinococcus granulosus and explore the possible biological significance. Methods Thirty female BALB/c mice of 6 weeks old were randomly divided into the infection and control groups, of 15 mice in each group. Mice in the infection group were intraperitoneally injected with 2 000 E. granulosus protoscoleces, while those in the control group were injected with the same volume of physiological saline. Mouse liver white blood cells were harvested 3 (early stage), 6 (medium stage) and 12 months (late stage) post-infection, and the proportions of MDSCs, their subpopulations (M-MDSCs and PMN-MDSCs) and Treg cells were assessed by flow cytometry. Results The proportions of MDSCs were (1.61 ± 0.36)%, (5.68 ± 0.69)% and (16.18 ± 0.69)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection with E. granulosus, and (2.19 ± 0.42)%, (0.99 ± 0.07) % and (4.18 ± 0.84)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of the MDSCs in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). The proportions of M-MDSCs were (0.69 ± 0.27)%, (5.30 ± 0.72)% and (10.75 ± 0.29)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (0.42 ± 0.24)%, (0.69 ± 0.02)% and (2.12 ± 0.13)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of the M-MDSCs in the mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). The proportions of PMN-MDSCs were (0.93 ± 0.23)%, (0.32 ± 0.02)% and (5.14 ± 1.03)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (1.77 ± 0.26)%, (0.28 ± 0.05)% and (1.99 ± 0.90)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of PMN-MDSCs in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 3 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.05). The proportions of Treg cells were (3.35 ± 0.14)%, (6.24 ± 0.38)% and (3.41 ± 0.07)% in mouse liver white blood cells in the infection group 3, 6 and 12 months post-infection, and (3.48 ± 0.46)%, (3.65 ± 0.45)% and (3.12 ± 0.12)% in the control group, and there were significant differences in the proportion of Treg cells in mouse liver white blood cells between the infection and control groups 6 and 12 months post-infection (P < 0.01). Conclusions The percentages of both MDSCs and Treg cells increase in mouse liver white blood cells 6 and 12 months post-infection with E. granulosus, and a more remarkable increase is seen in the percentage of MDSCs, which is mainly found in M-MDSCs. These findings suggest that M-MDSCs may play a major immunosuppressive role in the medium and late stages of E. granulosus infection in mice.